> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://kalpi.ai/docs/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Sharpe Ratio

> Evaluate risk-adjusted returns and the efficiency of your portfolio's capital allocation.

The **Sharpe Ratio** is the institutional gold standard for measuring risk-adjusted returns. Developed by Nobel laureate William F. Sharpe, it helps investors understand whether their portfolio's returns are the result of smart investment decisions or simply the result of taking on excessive, dangerous risk.

If two portfolios both generate a 15% annual return, the one with the higher Sharpe Ratio is structurally superior because it achieved that return with smoother, less volatile price action.

## The Mathematical Formula

The Sharpe Ratio calculates the "excess return" generated over a risk-free asset (like a government treasury bond) per unit of volatility (standard deviation):

$\text{Sharpe Ratio} = \frac{R_p - R_f}{\sigma_p}$

**Where:**

* $R_p$ = The expected or historical return of the portfolio.
* $R_f$ = The risk-free rate of return.
* $\sigma_p$ = The standard deviation of the portfolio's excess return (volatility).

## Interpreting the Score

When evaluating Kalpi backtests, you can use the following standard institutional benchmarks to grade your Sharpe Ratio:

<ResponseField name="Below 1.0" type="Sub-Optimal">
  The returns are not adequately compensating you for the amount of volatility and risk you are undertaking.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="1.0 to 1.99" type="Good">
  Acceptable risk-adjusted performance. The portfolio is generating decent excess returns relative to its price swings.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="2.0 to 2.99" type="Excellent">
  High-grade strategy. The portfolio is generating strong returns with tight, highly controlled volatility.
</ResponseField>

<ResponseField name="3.0+" type="Exceptional">
  World-class risk-adjusted returns. The strategy exhibits an incredibly smooth equity curve with almost no major drawdowns.
</ResponseField>